Orders
An order is an instruction to buy or sell on a specific market, and it can go long or short on the market's price. Placing an order does not guarantee it gets filled.
Order data
The information needed to process an order:
| Name | Description | How it's determined |
|---|---|---|
| Price | Price to buy or sell at, for a limit order. Market orders use the best available price | Chosen by user |
| Time in force | Instructions for how the order must behave | Chosen by user |
| Side | Buy or sell | Chosen by user |
| Market | Name or ID of the market the order is placed in | Chosen by user |
| Size | How much to buy or sell | Chosen by user |
| Party | Vega public key of the party placing the order | Chosen by user |
| Expires at | If the order has a Good 'til Time TIF, the specific time the order will expire | Chosen by user |
| Type | Type of order (such as limit or market) | Chosen by user |
| Pegged order | Details about a pegged order, if an order uses pegs | Chosen by user |
| Iceberg order | Provides details for an iceberg order, if applicable | Chosen by user |
| Order ID | Unique deterministic ID, can be used to query but only exists after consensus | Determined by network |
| Order status | Whether an order is filled, partially filled, stopped or cancelled | Determined by network |
| Reference | Unique order reference, used to retrieve an order submitted through consensus | Determined by network |
| Remaining | How many units of the order have not been filled, if any | Determined by network |
| Created at | Network date and time the order was created at | Determined by network |
| Rejection reason | If an order is rejected, this describes why | Determined by network |
| Version | If a user amends an order, this increases by 1. You can fetch previous versions | Determined by network |
| Updated at | If an order has been amended, when it was amended | Determined by network |
| Batch ID | Used to identify which batch an auction orders falls under | Determined by network |
Order sizes
The order size defines how much of a unit the user wants to buy or sell with their order.
Orders are filled if the price is achieved, and an order can fill partly, completely or not at all. This doesn't affect the original order size, but does affect the remaining order size.
Order sizes can be whole numbers or fractional, as long as the order is within the maximum number of decimal places allowable for the market. Any order containing more precision than this will be rejected. A market's decimal places are specified at the time of the market's proposal.
If a market requires that orders are specified using integers, fractional order sizes do not apply and 1 is the smallest increment.
Order types
There are four order types available to traders: limit orders, market orders, stop orders, and pegged orders. One order type is automatically triggered to close out positions for distressed traders - that's called a network order.
Orders can be persistent (stay on the order book) or non-persistent (never enter the order book). Some order types depend on the market state.
Limit order
A limit order is an instruction that allows you to specify the minimum price at which you will sell, or the maximum at which you will buy.
Limit orders stay on the order book until they are filled, expired or cancelled, unless they use IOC or FOK times in force.
Times in force available for limit orders
- GTC: A Good 'til Cancelled order trades at a specific price until it is filled or cancelled. GTC orders are persistent.
- GTT: A Good 'til Time order is a GTC order with an additional predefined cancellation time. GTT orders are persistent.
- GFN: A Good for Normal order is an order that will only trade in a continuous market. The order can act like either a GTC or GTT order depending on whether the expiry field is set. GFN orders are persistent.
- GFA: A Good for Auction order will only be accepted during an auction period, otherwise it will be rejected. The order can act like either a GTC or GTT order depending on whether an expiry is set. GFA orders are persistent.
- IOC: An Immediate or Cancel order executes all or part of a trade immediately and cancels any unfilled portion of the order. IOC orders are non-persistent.
- FOK: A Fill or Kill order either trades completely until the remaining size is 0, or not at all, and is not placed on the order book if it doesn't trade. FOK orders are non-persistent.
Market order
A market order is an instruction to buy or sell at the best available price in the market. Because market orders can only use IOC or FOK times in force, they are never placed on the order book.
Times in force available for market orders
- IOC: An Immediate or Cancel order executes all or part of a trade immediately and cancels any unfilled portion of the order. An IOC order is never placed on the order book.
- FOK: A Fill or Kill order either trades completely until the remaining size is 0, or not at all, and is never placed on the order book.
Pegged order
Pegged orders are orders that are a defined distance from a reference price (i.e. best bid, mid and best offer/ask), rather than at a specific price, and generate limit orders based on the set parameters.
A pegged order is not placed on the order book itself, but instead generates a limit order with the price generated based on the reference and offset value. As the price levels in the order book move around, the order's price on the order book also moves.
The reference can only be positive and the protocol software applies it differently depending on if the order is a buy or sell. If the order is a buy, then the offset is taken away from the reference price. If the order is a sell then the offset is added to the reference price.
Values available for pegged orders
Pegged orders are restricted in what values can be used when they are created, and only the times in force of Good 'til Cancelled and Good 'til Time can be used.
| Type (Time in Force) | Side | Bid Peg | Mid Peg | Offer Peg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistent (GTC, GTT) | Buy | <= 0 | < 0 | ❌ |
| Persistent (GTC, GTT) | Sell | ❌ | > 0 | >= 0 |
Reference prices for pegged orders
Rather than being set for a specific limit price, a pegged order is a defined distance from a reference price (such as the best bid, mid, or best offer/ask). That is the price against which the final order price is calculated.
The reference price is based on the live market, and the final price is calculated and used to insert the new order. The distance is also known as the offset value, which is an absolute value that must be cleanly divisible by the tick size, and must be positive.
Amend pegged orders
Pegged orders can be amended like standard limit orders. Their reference, offset and time in force values can all be amended. Amends must be done to the pegged order itself, not any limit orders derived from pegged orders.
If the price or size are changed in an amendment, the order will lose time priority in the order book, but will keep its priority in the list of pegged orders.
Parked pegged orders
There are some situations in which pegged orders are parked, or moved off the order book, until the orders are cancelled or expire, or the market returns to a state that allows pegs.
When orders return to the book, they are re-priced based on current market prices, and sorted by their original entry time.
Unparked pegged orders will be rejected:
- If the reference price no longer exists (e.g. no best bid)
- If the price moves to a value that means it would create an invalid order if the offset was applied
Iceberg order
An iceberg order is a limit order for a large amount that, rather than being entered as a single large order of that size, is placed on the book as a smaller order that is replenished as that order amount is filled. The peak / 'visible' amount can be filled with one trade, while the reserve is used to support the smaller order amount.
In other words, an iceberg order allows for the smaller order amount, known as the peak size, to be replenished from a 'hidden' total size. An iceberg's visible size is replenished in full to the peak size until the whole iceberg's volume trades away, or the order is cancelled or expires. It's replenished whenever the remaining visible size drops below the minimum visible size, set when submitting the order. If the reserve amount becomes lower than the peak size, the peak size is then set to the full remaining amount, with nothing in reserve.
While on a centralised exchange the full size of an iceberg order would be hidden, on a fully public blockchain, the entire order can be deduced. However, even publicly visible iceberg orders allow a trader to remain competitively present on the order book without needing to supply excess volume into a large aggressive order.
Submit an iceberg order
An iceberg order is submitted by populating the following optional fields in an order submission:
- Peak size - Size of the order that is visible and be filled by a single order.
- Minimum visible size - Amount the peak size needs to drop to before it is refreshed.
An iceberg order must have a persistent time in force: GTC, GTT, GFA, GFN.
The price for an iceberg order can be set like a standard limit order, or it can be pegged to a reference price.
Iceberg order execution
If an iceberg order, on entry, crosses with the best bid/ask price, it will trade using its full quantity, not the peak size. This prevents an iceberg order from being crossed after refreshing.
When the iceberg order enters the order book passively, it trades like a typical persistent order, where the peak size is the displayed size.
On refresh, the replenished order will get a new time priority, as it's treated like a new order.
Amend an iceberg order
An iceberg order can be amended. The remaining amount can be increased or decreased, while the peak size will stay the same. If the amended remaining amount is smaller than the peak size, the peak size is automatically reduced to be the same as the amended remaining amount.
Amending an iceberg does not affect the peak size's time priority.
Stop order
A stop order is a conditional order to buy or sell once the product reaches the price or percentage move that you've specified, known as the trigger. Stop orders can be used to help limit loss (stop loss), or capitalise on a gain (take profit) automatically.
You can set a stop order's trigger to submit an order for a fixed size, or for a size linked to your existing open position.
The triggers for a stop order can be based on:
- Specific trigger price; or
- Percentage movement away from your entry price. This is known as a trailing stop
- Optional time for cancellation or execution
Your stop order can be set to have a time in force, and it can be a limit or market order.
If the trigger is breached, an order is submitted with the parameters that you provided, and with your existing position's size if it's linked to the position. Your position isn't affected unless the order is filled.
A stop order can be set with a fixed size or have its size dictated by your open position. A stop order must reduce your position, and will be rejected otherwise.
Once the last traded price "rises above" or "falls below" the given stop price/percentage move, depending on your instruction, your order is executed.
When submitting with a fixed size, an order is executed with the given fixed size if your trigger is breached. It will only attempt to trade that amount, regardless of your position size at the time.
When submitting a stop order that links to your existing position, an order is executed to close your whole position or a percentage if the trigger is breached. If your position changes sides, such as from long to short, while your stop order is open, it will be cancelled.
If your position size moves to zero and there are no open orders, your stop orders for that market are cancelled.
There's a limit to how many stop orders any one public key can have active at one time, set by a network parameter: spam.protection.max.stopOrdersPerMarket.
OCO stop orders
While a stop order can be a single instruction, it could instead be a pair of stop orders where the execution of one side cancels the other (OCO).
Using an OCO allows you to have a stop loss and a take profit/trailing stop instruction for the same position. If one of the pair is triggered, cancelled, deleted, or rejected, the other one is automatically cancelled.
You can set it to do one of the following at expiry:
- Trigger either of the two sides - but not both
- Expire with no action
OCO stops can use fixed size or position-linked instructions.
Batch order
Order instructions, such as submit, cancel, and/or amend orders, as well as stop order instructions, can be batched together in a single transaction, which allows traders to regularly place and maintain the price and size of multiple orders without needing to wait for each order instruction to be processed by the network individually.
Batches are processed in the following order: all cancellations, then all amendments, then margin mode updates, then all submissions. Stop order instructions are processed after standard order instructions.
They are also processed as if they were standalone order instructions in terms of market behaviour. For example, if an instruction, had it been submitted individually, would trigger entry into or exit from an auction, then the order instruction would set off the auction trigger before the rest of the batch is processed.
Batch order instructions can be used in a liquidity provision strategy to help providers manage their limit orders (and their risk) more efficiently. The orders within a batch can also have conditions set, as post-only or reduce-only. Iceberg orders can also be submitted in a batch.
To prevent spamming, the total number of instructions in a batch order transaction can be no more than the number set with the network parameter: spam.protection.max.batchSize. A batch order transaction with more instructions than allowed will fail.
Network order
A network order is triggered by a network to close out a distressed trader, as part of position resolution. Network orders cannot be submitted by a party.
Conditional order parameters
Orders with certain parameters offer conditions that can be set to determine when and how they're used.
Post-only
Post-only is a condition that's only available for limit orders. A limit order can be set as post-only if you only want the order to be sent when it can enter the order book, and thus not immediately, neither partly nor entirely, cross with any orders already on the book. If the order would have immediately traded, it is instead stopped, and the party receives a response that the order was stopped to avoid a trade occurring.
A post-only order will not incur fees if executed in continuous trading. However, if the order trades at an auction uncrossing, it may incur a fraction of liquidity and infrastructure fees.
Once the order reaches the order book, it acts identically to an unconditional limit order set at the same price.
A post-order cannot be active at the same time as a reduce-only order on the same market.
Reduce-only
Reduce-only is only an available option for orders with a non-persistent time-in-force. If set, the order will only be executed if the outcome of the trade moves the trader's position closer to 0.
In addition, a reduce-only order will not move a position to the opposite side from the trader's current position. For example, if the trader's current position is a short, enabling reduce-only cannot make the trader long as a result. If submitted with an IOC time in force, where the full volume would switch sides, only the amount required to move the position to 0 will be executed.
A reduce-only order cannot be active at the same time as a post-only order on the same market.
Order status
- Filled: Orders can be fully or partially filled. If the entire order amount has traded, it's
fully filled. If only some of the order has traded, it'spartially filled - Rejected: If you don't have enough collateral to fill the margin requirements on an order, it will show up as
rejected - Cancelled: If you cancel an order, the status will be shown as
cancelled - Stopped: If the network cannot fill an order, based on the parameters you set, for example, then the order will show up as
stopped
Times in force
The following charts explain the times in force for orders and the statuses that they'll show, based on what happens in the network.
Fill Or Kill
Fill Or Kill (FOK): A non-persistent order that either trades all of its volume immediately on entry or is stopped/cancelled immediately without trading anything. In other words, unless the order can be completely filled immediately, it does not trade at all. It is never placed on the book, even if it does not trade.
| Time In Force | Filled | Resulting status |
|---|---|---|
| FOK | ❌ | Stopped |
| FOK | ✅ | Filled |
Immediate Or Cancel
Immediate Or Cancel (IOC): A non-persistent order that trades as much of its volume as possible with passive orders already on the order book (assuming it is crossed with them) and then stops execution. It is never placed on the book even if it is not completely filled immediately, instead it is stopped/cancelled.
| Time In Force | Filled | Resulting status |
|---|---|---|
| IOC | ❌ | Stopped |
| IOC | Partial | Partially Filled |
| IOC | ✅ | Filled |
Good 'Til Cancelled
Good 'Til Cancelled (GTC): A persistent order that is valid indefinitely, until it's completely filled or the trader cancels it.
| Time In Force | Filled | Cancelled by user | Stopped by network | Resulting status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GTC | ❌ | No | No | Active |
| GTC | ❌ | No | Yes | Stopped |
| GTC | ❌ | Yes | No | Cancelled |
| GTC | Partial | No | No | Active |
| GTC | Partial | Yes | No | Cancelled |
| GTC | Partial | No | Yes | Stopped |
| GTC | ✅ | No | No | Filled |
Good 'Til Time
Good 'Til Time (GTT): A persistent order that is valid until the trader's supplied expiry time. This can be an absolute date/time or a relative offset from the timestamp on the order.
| Time In Force | Filled | Expired | Cancelled by user | Stopped by network | Resulting status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GTT | ❌ | No | No | No | Active |
| GTT | ❌ | Yes | No | No | Expired |
| GTT | ❌ | No | Yes | No | Cancelled |
| GTT | ❌ | No | No | Yes | Stopped |
| GTT | Partial | No | No | No | Active |
| GTT | Partial | Yes | No | No | Expired |
| GTT | Partial | No | Yes | No | Cancelled |
| GTT | Partial | No | No | Yes | Stopped |
| GTT | ✅ | No | No | No | Filled |
Good For Auction
Good For Auction (GFA): This order is dependent on the market's state, and will only be accepted by the system if it arrives during an auction period, otherwise it will be rejected. The order can act like either a Good 'Til Cancelled or Good Til Time order depending on whether an expiry is set.
When an auction uncrosses, GFA orders that are not matched are cancelled.
Good For Normal
Good For Normal (GFN): This order is dependent on the market's state and will only be accepted by the system if it arrived during the market's standard trading mode, otherwise it will be rejected. The order can act like either a Good 'Til Cancelled or Good Til Time order depending on whether an expiry is set.
Good for Normal orders are cancelled if the market moves into an auction.
Submitting, amending and cancelling orders
This section is specific to market and limit orders.
See pegged orders and liquidity provision for information on how to manage those orders.
Submit an order
Orders can be submitted into any market that is active - not expired or settled. Orders will only be accepted if sufficient margin can be allocated from a trader's available collateral. Not all orders can be submitted in all trading modes.
If, during continuous trading, an order is going to be matched with another order on the book for the same party (also known as a wash trade), the order will be stopped, cancelled, and removed from the order book.
Opening auctions
Orders to sustain a liquidity commitment, and Good For Auction orders can be submitted to markets that are in a pending state, and thus in opening auction.
Pegged orders can also be placed, but will be parked until the market is out of auction.
Amend an order
Orders that have not been fully filled can be amended.
You can change your order size by:
- Supplying the new order size
- Setting the amount you want to increase or decrease your order size by, known as the delta
If your amendment will change the price you're seeking or increase the order size, it will cancel the existing order and replace it with a new one. The time priority will be lost, because, in effect, the original order was cancelled and removed from the book and a new order was submitted with the modified values.
Cancel an order
Market, limit and pegged orders that have not been fully filled can be cancelled.
When trading using the APIs, a trader can cancel individual orders, all orders for their public key across all markets, or all orders for their public key on a single market.